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Handling and digestion time are also the reason why a type II functional response has a curvilinear shape: with increasing prey density, the predator spends an increasing amount of time handling and digesting prey thus, the curve increasingly flattens. Short-term maximum consumption rates, where satiation does not kick in, can be higher-these are usually determined (in other words: limited) by handling time. Most predators need more time to digest than to handle their prey ( Jeschke et al., 2002), thus their long-term maximum consumption rate depends on their physiological digestion capacity. At high densities, however, it is mainly determined by digestion time and handling time, more specifically by the longer of the two processes (digestion or handling), at least under circumstances where predator satiation and thus digestion are relevant. Predator consumption rate is at low prey densities mainly determined by predator success rate-and thus, by its components representing the different transitions in the predation cycle. Similarly, predator handling time b is the sum of the time needed (1) to capture a prey item (including time wasted for unsuccessful attacks) and (2) to consume a prey item ( Jeschke et al., 2002). Predator success rate a can be derived from the predation cycle, as it is the product of (i) encounter rate, (ii) the probability that the predator detects prey it has encountered, (iii) the probability that the predator attacks prey it has detected and (iv) attack efficiency. Where y is consumption rate, a is predator success rate, x is prey density and b is predator handling time (Holling used a slightly different notation).